Situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds in Japan

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds in Japan. We focused on vehicles with 4 or more wheels. Such characteristics included daytime or nighttime conditions, road type, vehicle behaviors preceding the accident, and vehicle impact locations.

Methods: Pedestrian fatality data on vehicle–pedestrian accidents were obtained from the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis of Japan (ITARDA) from 2005 to 2014. Nine vehicle classifications were considered: Trucks with gross vehicle weight (GVW) ≥7.5 tons and <7.5 tons, buses, box vans, minivans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), sedans, light passenger cars (LPCs), and light cargo vans (LCVs). We compared the situational daytime or nighttime conditions, road type, vehicle behaviors preceding the accident, and vehicle impact locations for accident-involved vehicles traveling at low and higher speeds across all vehicle types.

Results: The results indicate that pedestrian fatalities involving vehicles traveling at low speeds occurred more often under daytime conditions across all vehicle types. At signalized intersections, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when vehicles were traveling at low speed, except when the accidents involved box vans or SUVs. Similarly, when vehicles turned right, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when vehicles traveling at low speed were involved across all vehicle types. In terms of the frontal right vehicle impact location, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when trucks with GVW ≥7.5 tons or <7.5 tons, sedans, or LCVs traveling at low speed were involved.

Conclusions: The situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds identified in this study can guide targeted development of new traffic safety regulations or technologies specific to vehicle–pedestrian interactions at low vehicle travel speeds (i.e., driver alert devices or automated emergency braking systems). Ultimately, these developments can improve pedestrian safety by reducing the frequency or severity of vehicle–pedestrian accidents for vehicles turning right at intersections and/or reducing the number of resultant pedestrian fatalities.     

User Perceptions and Attitudes on Sustainable Urban Transport among Young Adults: Findings from Copenhagen,Budapest and Karlsruhe

Abstract

This paper addresses the relevance of the demand side for the achievement of sustainable transport in urban areas. The underlying thesis is that a better understanding of user habits, perceptions and attitudes with its specific dynamics is essential for a successful design of targeted transport policies. In line with this, the paper at hand is based on research that aims at improving the knowledge of urban-transport-related habits and attitudes of young adults. The results of three interview meetings that were held in Karlsruhe, Budapest, and Copenhagen with participants aged between 20 and 30 are presented. Background of the interviews is a range of studies that indicate that young people in urban areas seem to be less interested in cars than the generation before. And indeed, the interview meetings reveal that participants had a rather pragmatic attitude towards transport modes. They wished a transport system that is flexible, convenient and cheap. Despite many differences, most participants showed rather positive attitudes towards policies supporting alternatives to car-based transport. However, it will be crucial for policy shaping to what extent the observed behaviour patterns and attitudes will persist over time.     

乡村文化旅游资源的发掘与开发——以崇州市凤鸣陆海天府乡村文化休闲度假旅游地为例

从根本上讲,乡村旅游资源就是通常所指的乡村景观,分为乡村自然景观和乡村人文景观两大类,均是在社会历史长河的演化中逐步形成,并由人类的农事活动刻上了刀削斧凿的印迹.由于乡村幅员辽阔,各地旅游资源差异极大,因此乡村旅游资源的开发利用一定要牢牢把握"乡村性"这一核心要素,因地制宜,扬长避短,突出自身的优势,使其具有鲜明的个性和特色.同时,资源开发还必须遵循产业发展规律,规范有序地进行.     

基于出行服务的纯电动公交车节能减排效益分析

纯电动公交车因行驶阶段零排放而成为城市地面常规公交车的重点发展方向,但是从其全生命周期来看,其实际的节能减排效益受到多种因素影响,仍需综合权衡.本研究采用生命周期评价方法(LCA),综合考虑公交车载客能力与不同区域的电网发电结构等影响因素,开展纯电动公交车的节能减排效益评价.结果表明,由于现有纯电动公交车的载客能力较柴油公交车低15%左右,所以选取出行服务作为功能单位能够更合理地核算纯电动公交车的实际节能减排效益.同时,由于我国不同区域电网的发电结构仍存有较大差异,相对于柴油公交车,不同区域电网结构下发展纯电动公交车所获取的节能减排效益差别较大.具体而言,纯电动公交车在华北、华东、华中、东北、西北和南方等不同电网结构下的节能效益分别为7.84%、11.91%、26.90%、11.15%、19.55%和20.31%;除华北电网由于煤电占比较高无减排效益外,其余电网结构下发展纯电动公交车所获取的综合减排效益分别为3.46%、26.81%、1.17%、13.74%和17.48%.因此,发展纯电动公交车时,建议将提高纯电动公交车的载客能力作为技术研发的重点,同时充分考虑不同电网发电结构对纯电动公交车的环境影响,合理进行发展规划.     

面向排放量化的低速区间机动车比功率分布特性与模型

随着排放建模方法从基于行驶周期和平均速度演变为基于VSP(Vehicle Specific Power)参数,利用VSP分布刻画交通状态成为最新的研究需求.近期研究中,针对城市快速路上大于20 km·h-1的速度区间建立了基于平均行程速度的VSP分布数学模型,却未对低速区间的VSP分布特征作深入研究.基于北京快速路大量逐秒浮动车数据,研究0～20 km·h-1的VSP分布与平均行程速度的关系.通过分析大量逐秒浮动数据的VSP分布与平均速度间关系,发现VSP分布与平均行程速度具有规律性:各VSP分布的峰值出现在VSP Bin=0处,且随速度的增加单调递减.因此,针对VSP分布的正、负区间以及VSP Bin=0处分别建立数学模型,并利用该模型进行机动车油耗/排放测算.对比分析油耗/排放的预测值和实测值得出,所建立的VSP分布模型可以有效用于机动车油耗/排放测算.     

Scenario study for a regional low-carbon society

Japan should undertake drastic greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions by the middle of this century in order to mitigate climate change problems. Municipalities should design and execute scenarios toward a low-carbon society suited to their respective regions. This study describes long-term future visions developed for Shiga Prefecture targeting CO₂ emission reductions of 30–50% by 2030, and presents scenarios to attain these targets, which are achievable with mild economic growth. For targets over a 30% reduction, region-specific measures including land-use reform and citizen behavioral changes are necessary. Compared with other regions in Japan, Shiga should give priority to a modal shift in transport, efficiency improvements in industry, and photovoltaic energy generation.     

国内外公路旅游客运研究进展

随着旅游业的快速发展，公路旅游客运成为现代最重要的旅客运输方式之一。国内公路旅游客运的研究主要从服务质量、预测、高速公路旅游客运、案例等方面展开，国外公路旅游客运的研究主要从机构和政府管理、旅行时间测量、旅行距离计算等方面展开。通过对比国内外公路旅游客运研究现状，得出了有益的启示。     

舟山普陀旅游金三角游憩价值评估

旅行费用法（Travel Cost Method,TCM）是相对成熟的游憩价值评价方法。运用旅行费用法的两种模型--分区旅行费用法（Zonal Travel Cost Method,ZTCM）和旅行费用区间分析法（Travel Cost Interval Analysis,TCIA），以2008年为评价基准年份，以实地调研、问卷调查和访谈等获得的数据为基础，对舟山普陀旅游金三角的游憩价值进行了评估。结果表明：（1）ZTCM评估普陀旅游金三角游憩价值为6396×10⁸元/a，其中直接旅行费用为5071×10⁸元/a，消费者剩余为1325×10⁸元/a；（2）TCIA评估普陀旅游金三角游憩价值为6124×10⁸元/a，其中直接旅行费用为5051×10⁸元/a，消费者剩余为1071×10⁸元/a；（3）ZTCM和TCIA结果的差异主要是消费者剩余的差异。研究提出用两种方法结果的均值作为游憩价值能提高评估结果的准确性     

中国高铁出行的环境健康影响分析

本文旨在对中国各城市高铁出行情况与人群环境健康影响进行大数据分析。文中的环境健康影响指将高铁出行过境次数引入经典泊松回归模型,进而直接得到各城市人群环境健康受到高铁出行的影响。另外,为了更好地分析高铁出行下的人群环境影响,笔者在计算环境影响指数时将受影响人群分为高铁沿线城市本地人群(PED)和过境人群(TPED)。最后总结分析了全国范围内环境健康受过境次数影响的程度大小。通过计算结果可得,华北、华中、四川盆地等地区的大城市,人口多、过境车次多、空气质量相对较差,PED和TPED值较高。华中、华南、西南边境地区城市的空气质量较好,PED和TPED值较低。另外,就特定高铁线路的环境健康影响而言,京津、郑西高铁沿线的PED和TPED值较高;广深、合福、沪昆高铁沿线的PED和TPED值较低。     

Neighborhood density and travel mode: new survey findings for high densities

At high densities, land uses get close enough to each other to support walk, bike, and transit modes above 60% of total trips. The San Francisco Bay Area census was used to define five density levels: rural, exurban, suburban, central city, and urban core. The urban core definition, over 50 persons per neighborhood acre, is much denser than in other research. The California Household Transportation Survey supplied new data on block group area, population, trip stages, trip distances, trip time, and travel mode by density. The National Household Transportation Survey supplied block group population, density, travel mode, and income data. Both sources show a strong nonlinear relationship going from rural to urban core: auto miles and trips decrease as walk and transit miles and trips increase. With density, people travel fewer miles and spend less time traveling. High-income households in dense areas travel far fewer miles than those living at higher densities. With sufficient density, complementary features play a role in furthering mode shift. For planning purposes, the need for parking greatly declines. The findings are a basis for similar research elsewhere on high densities and complementary features.